SS, Gr. 11: Chapter 10. Nationalism Key Points (Notes)

Dear 11th grader,

You will be quizzed on this chapter next class.
11A: Sunday November 5th
11C: Monday November 6th


Chapter 10. Nationalism in Europe

• Nationalism: notes provided in class 

I. Italian Unification:

• Notes provided in class 

II. German Unification:

• 1834, German states (39) formed the Zollverein, or customs union, which made trading easier between states. 
• 1848, German liberals revolted in the state of Prussia. 
• Mid 1800s, Otto Von Bismark (Prime Minister) built up the Prussian Military and pushed for unification. 
• Realpolitik: Bismark's policies; practical policies rather than idealistic based on the interests of Prussia. 
• 1866, Prussia defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War 
• 1871, Prussia defeated France in Franco-Prussian War and Germany was unified 

III. Austria-Hungary: 

• after the Congress of Vienna, Austrian foreign minister, Metternich, passed laws limiting reforms and formed alliances with other European powers to end uprisings. 
• 1848, Magyars (Hungarians) made an unsuccessful attempt to revolt. 
• in 1867, Dual Monarch was set up making Austria and Hungary two separate but equal states; They shared the ministries of War, Finances, and Foreign Affairs but each had its own parliament. 

IV. Ottoman Empire: 

• Power of the Ottoman Empire started declining in the 1800s. 
• 1850, Ottomans fought with GB, France, Sardinia against Russia in the Crimean War. 
• Balkans (Serbs, Romanians, Greeks, Bulgarians, and Albanians) sought independence from the Ottoman Empire encouraged by the unification in Europe due to the ethnic diversity in this region. 
• Russia wanted to fight the Ottoman Empire to gain Balkan territory due to its route with the Mediterranean Sea. 
• GB sometimes sided with Russia and sometimes with the Ottomans to support its own interests; this led to the Balkan Wars which had the Ottoman Empire lose most of its territory and European/Balkan land. 
• 1908, Young Turks (a group of Turkish nationalists) began a revolution fighting against the absolute power of the Sultan. 

V. Russia: 

• 1800s, Russian peasants were considered surfs - agricultural workers who were considered part of the land on which they worked. 
• 1825, serfs rebelled against Czar Nicholas I and were defeated. 
• 1880s, Czar Nicholas II freed serfs. 
• Russian Revolution of 1905 began after nationalists protested near the Winter Palace and were shot by troops resulting in 100s of casualties (Bloody Sunday). Nationalists were protesting to condemn the slow pace of reforms. 

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